Solar panels in Munich

Modelled output of a 6 kWp system at 35° facing south (towards the equator), from PVGIS climate data (PVGIS-SARAH3, 2005 to 2023).

• Best month: July (753 kWh). Weakest: December (277 kWh), a 2.7x difference.
• June, July, August produce 33.3% of the year; January, November, December produce 13.4%.
• Year-to-year variation: about 349 kWh (5.3%, one standard deviation).
• Sunlight reaching the panels: 1,432 kWh per m² a year.

Rules set by the city or its region, on top of the national scheme. Each one was checked against the official source on the date shown.

• Free State of Bavaria

  Bavaria only recommends PV on new homes

  Bavaria's building code (Art. 44a BayBO) makes PV mandatory for non-residential buildings, but for new residential buildings with building applications from 1 January 2025 it only says owners 'should' install PV. The state building ministry describes the residential provision as a pure recommendation that is not enforced.

  Source: Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wohnen, Bau und Verkehr, Vollzugshinweise zur BayBO 2023, Art. 44a (25.07.2023); wording confirmed in BayBO text in force from January 2026 (checked 2026-09-25)

• City of Munich

  Munich rooftop PV grant closed to new applications

  The City of Munich's Förderprogramm Klimaneutrale Gebäude (FKG) stopped accepting new applications for PV systems on 18 December 2024; applications filed before then remain valid.

  Source: Landeshauptstadt München, Förderung von Photovoltaikanlagen (Anträge bis zum 18. Dezember 2024) (checked 2026-09-25)

• City of Munich

  Munich grant for plug-in solar (balcony) devices

  Munich's FKG programme funds plug-in solar devices for private residents living in the dwelling at 0.40 euros per watt-peak, up to 800 Wp per dwelling and at most 50 percent of the cost.

  Source: Landeshauptstadt München, Förderung von Stecker-Solar-Geräten (Balkonkraftwerken) (FKG) (checked 2026-09-25)

• City of Munich

  Munich subsidy for PV consulting and planning

  Munich's FKG programme subsidises PV consulting that goes beyond basic system planning: 60 percent of the consultant's fee, up to 3,000 euros for buildings with one or two dwellings.

  Source: Landeshauptstadt München, Förderung von Photovoltaikberatung und Mieterstrom (FKG) (checked 2026-09-25)

Munich ranks 1 of 4 for yield among the cities we model in Germany, and 26 of 41 across every country on Solar Figures. Within one country the prices are the same, so a payback gap between these cities comes from sunshine alone.

Closest yield abroad: Paris (1,108 kWh per kWp), Kraków (1,045 kWh per kWp), Gdańsk (1,028 kWh per kWp).

Power you use yourself is worth the retail price (€0.37 per kWh); power you export earns €0.078. So the share you use at home, by running appliances in daylight or adding a battery, changes the payback. The system cost stays the same in every row (a battery would add to it).

• Net system cost after incentives: €7,800 for 6 kWp.
• Incentive modelled: 0% VAT (Nullsteuersatz), embedded in net cost.
• 25-year net savings at our default: €27,568.

At latitude 48.14°N, PVGIS finds the fixed tilt and direction that maximise yearly output. Our figures use a common 35° roof; the table shows what the optimum adds.

The optimum adds 0.2% a year over the standard roof in Munich. Most of a roof's value comes from its direction: a roof facing away from the equator loses far more than a few degrees of tilt.